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Notes

^a ^b Dalrymple, G.B. (1991). The Age of the Earth. California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1569-6.
This period is known as the sidereal year. The number of solar days is one less than the number of sidereal days because the orbital motion of the Earth about the Sun results in one additional revolution of the planet about its axis.
Canup, R. M.; Asphaug, E. (Fall Meeting 2001). "An impact origin of the Earth-Moon system". Abstract #U51A-02, American Geophysical Union. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
R. Canup and E. Asphaug (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature 412: 708-712.
Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J.; Lunine, J. I.; Petit, J. M.; Robert, F.; Valsecchi, G. B.; Cyr, K. E. (2000). "Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science 35 (6): 1309-1320. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
Doolittle, W. Ford (February , 2000). "Uprooting the tree of life". Scientific American 282 (6): 90-95.
Berkner, L. V.; Marshall, L. C. (1965). "On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere". Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 22 (3): 225-261. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
Burton, Kathleen (November 29, 2000). Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land. NASA. Retrieved on 2007 March 5.
Murphy, J. B.; Nance, R. D. (1965). "How do supercontinents assemble?". American Scientist 92: 324–33. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
Kirschvink, J. L. (1992). The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study. Cambridge University Press, 51-52. ISBN 0521366151.
Raup, D. M.; Sepkoski, J. J. (1982). "Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record". Science 215 (4539): 1501-1503. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
Gould, Stephan J. (October , 1994). "The Evolution of Life on Earth". Scientific American. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
Staff. Paleoclimatology - The Study of Ancient Climates. Page Paleontology Science Center. Retrieved on 2007 March 2.
Stern, David P. (November 25, 2001). Planetary Magnetism. NASA. Retrieved on 2007 April 1.
Milbert, D. G.; Smith, D. A.. Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model. National Geodetic Survey, NOAA. Retrieved on 2007 March 7.
Staff (November, 2001). WPA Tournament Table & Equipment Specifications. World Pool-Billiards Association. Retrieved on 2007 March 10.
Senne, Joseph H. (2000). "Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain". Professional Surveyor 20 (5). Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980). "Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 71 (12): 6973–6977. Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "Petrology", a publication now in the public domain.
Tanimoto, Toshiro (1995). in Thomas J. Ahrens: Crustal Structure of the Earth. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 0-87590-851-9. Retrieved on 2007 February 3.
Jordan, T. H. (1979). "Structural Geology of the Earth's Interior". Proceedings National Academy of Science 76 (9): 4192-4200. Retrieved on 2007-03-24.
Robertson, Eugene C. (July 26, 2001). The Interior of the Earth. USGS. Retrieved on 2007 March 24.
Sanders, Robert. "Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core", UC Berkeley News, December 10, 2003. Retrieved on 2007 February 28.
Alfè, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vocadlo, L.; Brodholt, J; Price, G. D. (2002). "The ab initio simulation of the Earth's core" (PDF). Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London 360 (1795): 1227-1244. Retrieved on 2007-02-28.
Staff (February 27, 2004). Crust and Lithosphere. Plate Tectonics & Structural Geology. The Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2007 March 11.
Kious, W. J.; Tilling, R. I. (May 5, 1999). Understanding plate motions. USGS. Retrieved on 2007 March 2.
Brown, W. K.; Wohletz, K. H. (2005). SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved on 2007 March 2.
Meschede, M.; Udo Barckhausen, U. (November 20, 2000). Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center. Procedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Texas A&M University. Retrieved on 2007 April 2.
Staff. GPS Time Series. NASA JPL. Retrieved on 2007 April 2.
^a ^b Pidwirny, Michael (2006). Fundamentals of Physical Geography. PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved on 2007 March 19.
Kring, David A.. Terrestrial Impact Cratering and Its Environmental Effects. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Retrieved on 2007 March 22.
Duennebier, Fred (August 12, 1999). Pacific Plate Motion. University of Hawaii. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
Mueller, R.D.; Roest, W.R.; Royer, J.-Y.; Gahagan, L.M.; Sclater, J.G. (March 7, 2007). Age of the Ocean Floor Poster. NOAA. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
Staff. Layers of the Earth. Volcano World. Retrieved on 2007 March 11.
Jessey, David. Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks. Cal Poly Pomona. Retrieved on 2007 March 20. Staff. Minerals. Museum of Natural History, Oregon. Retrieved on 2007 March 20.
^a ^b ^c ^d Staff (February 8, 2007). The World Factbook. U.S. C.I.A.. Retrieved on 2007 February 25.
FAO Staff (1995). FAO Production Yearbook 1994, Volume 48, Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9250038445.
^a ^b Mill, Hugh Robert (1893). "The Permanence of Ocean Basins". The Geographical Journal 1 (3): 230-234. Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
Staff. "Deep Ocean Studies". Ocean Studies. RAIN National Public Internet and Community Technology Center. Retrieved on 2006 April 2.
The total volume of the Earth's oceans is: 1.4 × 10⁹ km³. The total surface area of the Earth is 5.1 × 10⁸ km². So, to first approximation, the average depth would be the ratio of the two, or 2.7 km.
Igor A. Shiklomanov et al (1999). World Water Resources and their use Beginning of the 21st Century" Prepared in the Framework of IHP UNESCO. State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersburg. Retrieved on 2006 August 10.
Mullen, Leslie (June 11, 2002). Salt of the Early Earth. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
Morris, Ron M.. Oceanic Processes. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
Scott, Michon (April 24, 2006). Earth's Big heat Bucket. NASA Earth Observatory. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
^a ^b Staff (October 8, 2003). Earth's Atmosphere. NASA. Retrieved on 2007 March 21.
^a ^b Moran, Joseph M. (2005). Weather. World Book Online Reference Center. NASA/World Book, Inc.. Retrieved on 2007 March 17.
^a ^b Berger, Wolfgang H. (2002). The Earth's Climate System. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved on 2007 March 24.
Various (July 21, 1997). The Hydrologic Cycle. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2007 March 24.
Staff. Climate Zones. UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Retrieved on 2007 March 24.
Staff (2004). Stratosphere and Weather; Discovery of the Stratosphere. Science Week. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
Liu, S. C.; Donahue, T. M. (1974). "The Aeronomy of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere of the Earth". Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 31 (4): 1118-1136. Retrieved on 2007-03-02.
Abedon, Stephen T. (March 31, 1997). History of Earth. Ohio State University. Retrieved on 2007 March 19.
Fitzpatrick, Richard (February 16, 2006). MHD dynamo theory. NASA WMAP. Retrieved on 2007 February 27.
Stern, David P. (July 8, 2005). Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere. NASA. Retrieved on 2007 March 21.
Fisher, Rick (January, 30, 1996). Astronomical Times. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved on 2007 March 21.
^a ^b Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). Earth Fact Sheet. NASA. Retrieved on 2007 March 17.
Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). Moon Fact Sheet. NASA. Retrieved on 2007 March 21.
Fisher, Rick (February 5, 1996). Earth Rotation and Equatorial Coordinates. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved on 2007 March 21.
Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% the energy at aphelion.
Williams, Jack (December 20, 2005). Earth's tilt creates seasons. USAToday. Retrieved on 2007 March 17.
Vázquez, M.; Montañés Rodríguez, P.; Palle, E. (2006). The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. Retrieved on 2007 March 21.
For the Earth, the Hill radius is

$R_H = a\left ( \frac{m}{3M} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}}$ ,

where m is the mass of the Earth, a is an Astronomical Unit, and M is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in A.U. is about: $\left ( \frac{1}{3 \cdot 332,946} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}} = 0.01$ .
Staff (October, 1998). Explorers: Searching the Universe Forty Years Later (PDF). NASA/Goddard. Retrieved on 2007 March 5.
Laskar, J.; Robutel, P.; Joutel, F.; Gastineau, M.; Correia, A.C.M.; Levrard, B. (2004). "A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth". Astronomy and Astrophysics 428: 261–285. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
Williams, D.M.; J.F. Kasting (1996). "Habitable planets with high obliquities". Lunar and Planetary Science 27: 1437-1438. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
R. Canup and E. Asphaug (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature 412: 708-712.
Whitehouse, David. "Earth's little brother found", BBC News, October 21, 2002. Retrieved on 2007 March 31.
Staff (September, 2003). Astrobiology Roadmap. NASA, Lockheed Martin. Retrieved on 2007 March 10.
Dole, Stephen H. (1970). Habitable Planets for Man, 2nd edition, American Elsevier Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-444-00092-5. Retrieved on 2007 March 11.
Ward, P. D.; Brownlee, D. (January 14, 2000). Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe, 1st edition, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0387987010.
Hillebrand, Helmut (2004). "On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient". American Naturalist 163 (2): 192-211.
Staff (November 24, 2006). Mineral Genesis: How do minerals form?. Non-vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, Texas Memorial Museum. Retrieved on 2007 April 1.
Rona, Peter A. (2003). "Resources of the Sea Floor". Science 299 (5607): 673-674. Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
Staff (February 2, 2007). Evidence is now ‘unequivocal’ that humans are causing global warming – UN report. United Nations. Retrieved on 2007 March 7.
Currently it is closer to 6.6 billion than 6.5 billion. It will reach 6.6 billion in June 2007.
David, Leonard. "Planet's Population Hit 6.5 Billion Saturday", Live Science, 2006-02-24. Retrieved on 2006 April 2.
Staff. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. United Nations. Retrieved on 2007 March 7.
Staff (2007). Human Population: Fundamentals of Growth: Growth. Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved on 2007 March 31.
Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4: 439-473. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
Staff. Themes & Issues. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved on 2007 March 29.
Staff (2006-08-15). Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert. Information Management Group. Retrieved on 2007 March 31.
Staff. International Law. United Nations. Retrieved on 2007 March 27.
Werner, E. T. C. (1922). Myths & Legends of China. New York: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd.. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
Russell, Jeffrey B.. The Myth of the Flat Earth. American Scientific Affiliation. Retrieved on 2007 March 14.
Ackerman, Forrest J (1997). Forrest J Ackerman's World of Science Fiction. Los Angeles: RR Donnelley & Sons Company, 116-117. ISBN 1-57544-069-5.
Staff. Pale Blue Dot. SETI@home. Retrieved on 2006 April 2.
Meyer, Stephen M. (August 18, 2002). MIT Project on Environmental Politics & Policy. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2006 August 10.
^a ^b Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993). "Our Sun. III. Present and Future". Astrophysical Journal 418: 457-468. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
Kasting, J.F. (1988). "Runaway and Moist Greenhouse Atmospheres and the Evolution of Earth and Venus". Icarus 74: 472-494. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
Guillemot, H.; Greffoz, V. (Mars 2002). "Ce que sera la fin du monde" (in French). Science et Vie N° 1014.
Carrington, Damian. "Date set for desert Earth", BBC News, February 21, 2000. Retrieved on 2007 March 31.

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