1. The Nuclear Tipping Point, P.15

2. U.S., Egyptian Speakers Say Partnership Must Continue, Expand

3. Egypt.

4. Egypt-Trade and Diplomatic Relations with the US

5. Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine. January, 2005

6. Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

7. Bard, Kathryn A. Ian Shaw, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 69.

8. Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39

9. El-Daly, Okasha. Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: UCL Press, 2005. p. 140

10. Vatikiotis, P.J. The History of Modern Egypt. 4th edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1992, p. 39

11. Jankowski, James. Egypt: A Short History. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2000. p. 83

12. Jankowski, op cit., p. 112

13. Vatikiotis, p. 443

14. Jankowski, James. "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism" in Rashid Kakhlidi, ed., Origins of Arab Nationalism, pp. 244-45

15. qtd in Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. 2003, p. 99

16. Jankowski, "Egypt and Early Arab Nationalism," p. 246

17. Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946), p. 519.

18. "Before Nasser, Egypt, which had been ruled by Britain since 1882, was more in favor of territorial, Egyptian nationalism and distant from the pan-Arab ideology. Egyptians generally did not identify themselves as Arabs, and it is revealing that when the Egyptian nationalist leader [Saad Zaghlul] met the Arab delegates at Versailles in 1918, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, claiming that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one." Makropoulou, Ifigenia. Pan - Arabism: What Destroyed the Ideology of Arab Nationalism?. Hellenic Center for European Studies. January 15, 2007.

19. Dawisha, p. 237

20. Dawisha, pp. 264-65, 267

21. Vatikiotis, p. 499

22. "Although an avowedly Islamic country and now part and parcel of the Arab world, Egyptians are very proud of their distinctiveness and their glorious Pharaonic past dating back to 3500 BC... "We are not Arabs, we are Egyptians," said tour guide Shayma, who is a devout Muslim." In Egypt, India is Big B!. Hindustan Times. December 25, 2006.

23. In an audio interview on Egypt's links with Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab world, Hawass believes that "even today Egyptians are Egyptians. It really doesn't mean that because we speak Arabic that we can be Arabs. We are...really, I feel personally that we are related even today to the Pharaohs."

24. An Interculturalist in Cairo. InterCultures Magazine. January 2007.

25. Kimit Sagi (Arabic)

26. We are Egyptians, not Arabs. ArabicNews.com. 11/06.2003.

27. Ghobrial, Kamal. Egypt, the Arabs and Arabism. el-Ahali. August 31-September 6, 2005. (Arabic)

28. Said Habeeb's Masreyat. (Arabic)

29. Egyptian national group (Arabic)

30. Egyptian people section from Arab.Net

31. Princeton Alumni Weekly

32. Review by Michelle Fram Cohen. The Atlasphere. Jan. 17, 2005.

33. Haeri, Niloofar. Sacred language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003, p. 136.

34. Business TodayEGYPT. Mubarak throws presidential race wide open. March 2005.

35. Lavin, Abigail. Democracy on the Nile: The story of Ayman Nour and Egypt's problematic attempt at free elections. March 27, 2006.

36. Murphy, Dan. Egyptian vote marred by violence. Christian Science Monitor. May 26, 2005.

37. http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2005&m=December&x=20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906 United States "Deeply Troubled" by Sentencing of Egypt's Nour, U.S. Department of State, Published December 24, 2005

38. Gomez, Edward M. Hosni Mubarak's pretend democratic election. San Francisco Chronicle. September 13, 2005.

39. Egypt to begin process of lifting emergency laws. December 5, 2006.

40. Anger over Egypt vote timetable BBC

41. Human Rights Watch. Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt. 2005

42. Church Building Regulations Eased

43. Freedom in the World 2006 (PDF). Freedom House (2005-12-16). Retrieved on 2006-07-27.
    Freedom in the World 2006, List of indices of freedom

44. Freedom House. Freedom in the World - Egypt. 2006

45. Egypt torture centre, report says. bbc.co.uk. Written 2007-4-11. Accessed 2007-4-11.

46. Egypt rejects torture criticism. bbc.co.uk. Written 2007-4-13. Accessed 2007-4-13.

47. Egyptian Organization for Human Rights

48. Official page of the Egyptian National Council for Human Rights.

49. Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs. EOHR. June 3, 2003.

50. Qenawy, Ahmed. The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree. ANHRI. 2004

51. Egypt to begin process of lifting emergency laws. December 5, 2006.

52. Egypt parliament approves changes in constitution. Reuters. March 20, 2007.

53. Egypt Military Strength

BACK TO EGYPT HOMEPAGE